托福独立写作中的举例技巧
浅谈托福独立写作之举例的写作技巧
摘 要 在托福独立写作的评分系统中,例证法和论证法都是非常好的文章展开的方法,所以在托福独立写作的技巧中,例子的应用是非常重要的,因为只有恰当的安排合适的例子,才有可能使整个托福独立写作内容丰满,结构清晰。而且例子比枯燥的说理更能让人有认同感和逻辑性,叙述一个例子的语言也更容易掌握,同时,对于写作要求中明确提出的不得低于300词也是一个很好的解决方法。
关键词 托福;独立写作;举例
前 言
新托福考试的作文分为综合写作和独立写作[1],其中托福独立写作让很多中国学生感到非常困扰,因为托福独立写作不像综合写作那样可以利用听到和看到的信息进行整理即可,它不仅要求语言熟练度,而且要求西方的思维模式[2],逐字逐句都需要自己的编排和写作。那么独立写作有没有技巧呢?答案是肯定的,其中例子的运用在托福独立写作中就扮演着一个非常重要的角色,这在最新版《托福考试官方指南》的满分评分标准中也是有着明确且充分的体现的[3],所以托福考生们应时刻注意这种举例的思路,熟练掌握如何更好地运用例子来巩固自己的观点。
但是举例说明的方法对有些同学来讲也是存在一定问题的,最常见的一个问题就是缺乏例子,本文将就这个问题给出两种解决办法并举例说明。
1 如何解决缺乏例子
1.1 利用自己或身边人的经历
常见的解决托福独立写作中例子缺乏的问题有两种办法。第一种就是通过对自己的亲身经历身边亲戚朋友的经历的叙述来揭示和佐证自己的观点。这种方法有两个明显的优点,其一是自己的经历是没有考证也没有对错的,不像以名人为例时,总有一些对错之分,如果是编出来的经历还要受到经不起考证的压力;其二就是自己的经历在语言描述上可以让考生用自己最熟悉的单词来进行写作,写错单词的几率小,而且出现无法表达的情况比较少,不会出现思维卡壳的情况。
1.2 一例多用,举一反三
《新托福考试官方指南》的267页到281页上,列有“托福写作185题题库”。这185道题大致代表了新托福考试中写作部分的出题思路,因而成为我们复习的重点。但是,如果要把这185道题都写一遍,既费时又费力。那么,在这种情况下“一例多用”就是一个最好的解决方法。所谓“一例多用”,就是用一个例子,解决很多题目。这样就做到了融会贯通,举一反三,达到“练习一道题,解决多道题”的效果。这也就是第二种解决方法,就是把一个例子可以应用的东西从各个部分,各种角度都有所准备,这样在考场上无论遇到什么样的题目都可以用相似的例子来说明,这可以说是最实用的托福独立写作技巧了。
2 具体写作应用
2.1 举例所用词汇
举例通常会使用到的词汇很多,例如大家可以信手拈来的高频词汇:such as/like,include/range from…to…以及for example/for instance;另外,在叙述故事时可以使用:illustrate/exemplify以及…deserves a special mention[3]。
例如在题目“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide. Use specific reason and examples to support your answer”中,我们可以看出题目是问我们是否同意最好的旅游方式是跟团旅游,并要求给出原因和例子,我们以不同意这个观点来运用所列词汇给出一种写法:Tourists are likely to be taken by tour guides to stores where souvenirs are extremely expensive. I will illustrate/exemplify this point with the case of my cousin Joseph, who last year went on a guided tour with a group of approximately 20 people to France. When they finished visiting the Eiffel Tower, the tour guide took them to a souvenir store nearby. Joseph bought a miniature Eiffel Tower there for 100 dollars, which was too expensive. 或者用另一个词汇来举例说明同一件事:When it comes to being taken by tour guides to stores where souvenirs are extremely expensive, my cousin Joseph deserves a special mention. He last year went on a guided tour with a group of approximately 20 people to France. When they finished visiting the Eiffel Tower, the tour guide took them to a souvenir store nearby. Joseph bought a miniature Eiffel Tower there for 500 dollars, which was too expensive.
2.2例子的举一反三
应对所有的题目都给出不一样的例子是不切实际的,包括在日常练习时,否则在考场上也很容易不知所措,突然太多的例子涌现在脑海中容易给人引起混乱的写作思维,所以,考生平时就应该时刻注意一些例子的举一反三的情况,这样可以更有利于考生在考场上的思维迅速定位和写作效率。
例如在题目“If you could travel back in time to meet a famous person from history, what person would you like to meet? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. ”中,题目要求我们写出如果要见一位历史名人,会选择谁,针对这个题目,大家的答案一定是丰富多彩的,那么我们假定要写的名人为法国作家雨果(Victor Hugo),那么我们以雨果为例写出以下文字:Victor Hugo is a French writer, representative of positive romanticism literature in the early nineteenth century, a representative of humanitarianism, and an outstanding bourgeois democracy writer in the history of French literature, known as the "Shakespeare of France." He has written many articles on poetry, fiction, script, various prose, literary criticism, and political articles throughout his life, and has extensive influence in France and the world. Victor Hugo wrote many stunning works. For example, in 1862, Hugo's novel "The Tragic World" was published. The book exposes the sharp contradictions and disparity between the rich and the poor in capitalist society and describes the painful destiny of the lower class people. Three pressing issues of society at the time were raised: poverty caused men to stumble, hunger devastated women, and darkness made children weak. Violently attacked the hypocrisy of bourgeois law. The novel is popular with people all over the world.
通过这段文字,我们可以联系到很多同样可以运用此例的托福独立写作题目,例如“If you could go back to some time and place in the past, when and where would you go? Why? ”可以写想回到19世纪前期的法国去见雨果;例如“Holidays honor people or events. If you could create a new holiday, what person or event would it honor and how would you want people to celebrate it?”可以写为雨果设立纪念日来纪念他;例如“Your city has decided to build a statue or monument to honor a famous person in your country. Who would you choose?”可以写建立雨果的雕像来纪念他;例如“Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present. Do you agree or disagree? ”可以写不同意,因为学习历史,我们可以了解雨果,了解他生活的时期;例如“From small to large, we read a lot of books. What is the most impressive or most influential book for you?”可以写是Victor Hugo的《The Tragic World》 ;例如“Who do you think is the writer? What books he wrote have a profound impact on you?”还是可以写是Victor Hugo的《The Tragic World》。
这样,我们通过“一例多用”“举一反三”,就能成功解决很多道题。从而大大提高了复习托福写作时的效率。所以同学们在平时做写作练习时,也要经常总结这些可以通用的例子和理由,这样既提高了写作速度,又提高了文章的质量。
3 结论
举例法是托福独立写作的重要手法,甚至被列入官方评分标准中,它在具体操做中也是非常高效和实用的,不仅对字数的提升非常明显对文章的质量也是有所保障的,所以掌握它的方法对于托福考生来说是非常必要的。
参考文献
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